第三届方重翻译奖

英译汉一等奖译文

夏洛蒂和艾米丽是勃朗特家的亲姐妹，两人一生中的大部分时间都同在约克郡的一个偏僻教区中度过，所接受的教育也基本相同。然而，在自然、社会、道德、爱情、性欲和真理方面的思考与创作上，两姐妹又近乎截然相反。艾米丽渴望远离尘嚣，去体验崇高之美和迷人幻象；而夏洛蒂则主张积极入世，与探求爱与正义的追寻者并肩。《呼啸山庄》中有关童年、成长和成年期的一切都与《简爱》中所描述的相悖：在《呼啸山庄》中，所有人类用以彼此交流的方式——包括言谈，写作，绘画和各类身体接触——都不值一提，而与政治和宗教联系密切的世俗社会在书中也难寻踪影；但在《简爱》中，生活中如果没有了言谈，写作，绘画和身体接触，那几乎是无法想象的，而人与人之间出于性欲和情爱的亲密行为也和关乎正义与自由的道德风尚密不可分。

尽管书中充满着不切实际的幻想，但《简爱》还是提供了在英国小说中最为深刻的对情色生活和道德生活互相纠缠交织的描写。而小说之所以能做到这一点，其中一部分原因是它深刻理解了自身幻想中情色与道德所产生的吸引力，并且又充分认识到了这种幻想的本质是不切实际的。夏洛蒂·勃朗特能洞悉艾米丽·勃朗特所容易忽视的一切。夏洛蒂的《呼啸山庄》经过了更为精心的雕琢，但《简爱》却是一部更为伟大的作品。多数读者或多或少会对《简爱》的某些方面有所厌恶，要么是故事情节强加于罗切斯特身上的残酷惩罚，要么是作者描写被囚禁的疯女人伯莎·梅森时的冷漠笔触，抑或是简爱那无时无刻都自我感觉良好的态度。但其实每一个显而易见的小说缺陷，都是夏洛蒂·勃朗特用来告诉她的读者们一些他们难以接受的关于自身的事实，同时这也是让那部分执意沉湎于幻想而不愿面对现实的读者更轻易地去逃避自我。

然而，即便是最宽厚的批评家也注意到了本书至少有一 处缺陷不能被轻易搪塞过去，那就是《简爱》作为一本和教育有关的小说，书中的女主人公看起来却好像不需要任何教育。（她不断地认为自己必须学着变得克制守己;但当她被误解的时候，替她解围的却总是一些外部事件，而并非教育。）简所面对的是那些在现实世界中你只能通过漫长艰难的学习过程才能解决的问题；而这其中的很大一部分又似乎是极为困难的，但学习解决问题的过程对简来说，却似乎容易得有些令人难以置信。随着简年纪的增长，她面临的选择更为复杂。想要做出正确的选择变得更为困难，而做错选择的后果亦变得愈发严重。但和生活在现实世界的人不同，简从不从她的错误中学习——因为她从不犯错。她学着去控制和引导自己的热情，但她的热情给她带来的仅仅是肉体上和实践中的不适，而不是伴随着质疑自己过去所产生的道德上的不安。而在她学习引导热情的过程中，她得到的教训也只关乎具体践行，而与道德无关。她反复地痛苦挣扎，但却总能在显然未曾接受指导如何去做的前提下，依然在最后关头在道德的关卡上做出正确的选择。尽管夏洛蒂·勃朗特在怎样正确行事上的确给出了一个详尽的范例，但作为一部有关教育的小说，最令人奇怪的是她似乎在怎样学会行事的问题上却根本只字未提。

对夏洛蒂·勃朗特所写的这种寓言类小说而言，读者可以自行选择是否以及如何将故事应用于自己的人生，而所谓的明显漏洞其实正是构成这一设计的重要部分。简爱所学习的并非如何正确行事，而是如何驻守信念。不同于现实中活生生的人，简爱并不是通过悔恨过失来学习的——既然她从不犯错，也自然很难从中学到什么——而是从反思诱惑她犯下过失的错误信念中学习的。简爱除了从小对这世界感到好奇和对这世界加诸于她的不幸感到愤愤不平外，一无所有的她教导自己必须再三斟酌自己的选择。她同时还教导自己当正确的选择不那么明显的时候必须倚赖信念作为自己行动的准则。在危急关头，她的信念是她唯一所能坚守的一切：

“我将坚持我清醒时，而不是像现在这样发疯时所遵守的原则。法律和原则并不是用在没有诱惑的时候，而是用在像现在这样，肉体和灵魂都起来反抗他的严苛的时刻……它们是有价值的——我向来都这么相信；如果我此刻不信，那是因为我疯了，完全疯了：我的血管里有火在燃烧，我的心跳快到难以计数。原有的想法和以往的决心，是此刻我唯一能够坚守的一切：我要牢牢守住这一立场。”

几乎每一个简所遇到的人都试图告诉她该去相信什么，如何去相信，而每个人告诉她要去相信的东西和实践信念的方法都不同。但无论如何，她必须靠自己去找到她的信念。在《简爱》的小说世界和现实生活中，正确的选择往往都平淡无奇，但每个人都必须重新发现通往学会做出正确选择的途径。这些途径因人而异，而你必须替自己学会发现它们以判断那些无法立刻弄清的东西是否真实，并以之决定该如何按照自己已选择的真理行事。在这种自我教育中，人生导师一类的角色并不能帮上忙，他们至多只能通过训诫和例子告诉你，无论有没有他们的帮助，你都得靠自己做决定。

在《呼啸山庄》中，苦难并不能让人学到任何东西，但在《简爱》中，一切都是从苦难中学到的。简爱被迫在童年时期受的苦对她来说或许也未尝不是一件好事，她的苦难让她将童年看作为一种无知和不公的状态，而非成年人本当渴望的天堂。简在童年时期受到的虐待是低劣卑鄙、并不磊落的，而这种虐待从未诱惑她去认同压迫者。小说的开篇描绘了年幼的简遇到的第一个施暴者——她的表哥约翰·里德。这男孩差不多就和成年后的希斯克里夫一个样，当然前提是希斯克里夫来到了现实世界，身上没有了艾米丽·勃朗特给他加上的那些虚幻的光芒。约翰·里德一边叫嚣着“这整幢房子都是我的，或者说，过不了几年都是我的，”一边把书砸向简爱，把她砸出了血，当她反抗的时候还要粗暴地揪打她。正如简在之后的几页中所控诉的那样，约翰“扭断鸽子的脖子，弄死小孔雀，放狗去咬羊，摘掉暖房里葡萄藤上的葡萄，掰下花房里最珍贵花木的幼芽。”不平等是童年时期所遭遇的所有不公正待遇中最寻常的一种。在自家亲戚看来低人一等的简爱，就算再怎么努力讨好也只有被虐待的命，而约翰·里德和他那两个讨人厌的姐妹却依然能受到骄纵。

《简爱》记录了一段从孩童世界步入成年世界的旅途和一段从不平等走向平等的旅途。而这二者实则是被冠以不同名字的同一段旅程。简在小说开篇所遭遇的不公待遇是由处事幼稚的成年人犯下的；而她在小说结尾所取得的平等地位则只能由那些学会变得独立成熟的人取得。她取得的是平等，而非统一。在《简爱》中从未有人自欺欺人地妄求统一，而达到统一却正是《呼啸山庄》中引发英雄情结的奋斗目标。统一是一个并不带有任何道德意义的目标，是一个无迹可寻的桃花源。在包含着情感和政治生活的现实世界里，也只有多愁善感的人和专制独裁者才会想要去探寻。与之相反的是，获得平等这一目标虽然困难但毕竟可行，无论在个人世界还是公共世界里都有着深刻的情感和道德意义。然而那些多疑的读者仍然怀疑不平等才是简爱真正的目标，由于不同的读者看到的不平等之处也不同，他们相信要么是简最终战胜了罗切斯特，要么是简顺从地向罗切斯特的原则屈服了。但从小说的种种证据看来，至少夏洛蒂·勃朗特认为简和罗切斯特确实达成了某种接近完全平等的关系。

和将拒绝皈依的人像敌人一样驱逐在外的统一不同，简和罗切斯特所秉承的平等信念也包容那些仍滞留在外的人。尽管爱情故事长久以来的传统一直都是当有情人终成眷属的时候，那些和他们不般配的爱慕者都必须被驱逐、被羞辱，但《简爱》却将本该描绘大团圆结局的最后几行字的篇幅留给了一封来自于被她拒绝过的求婚者——传教士圣·约翰·里弗斯的信。他从遥远的印度寄来这封信，那儿也不能算是一个流放之地，毕竟是他自己选择去那里完成自己的使命，因而那里更应该说是他本打算让简陪他一块儿去的地方。他此行的使命与简和罗切斯特追求的目的相同，都是为了追求平等。正如简记述的那样，里弗斯在印度“像巨人一样劈倒宗教信条和种姓制度中的偏见。”但里弗斯曾经向简提出的是一桩没有爱情的婚姻，在这段婚姻里她仅仅是他侍奉上帝的一个助手。尽管里弗斯为了谋求众生平等的大计甚至愿意以身殉道，但他的求婚却拒绝给简也拒绝给他自己以平等。

第三届方重翻译奖

汉译英一等奖译文

In the afternoon that day, Fu Ping went up to the big house. Grandma worked as a maid for the family who lived there. Several girls were skipping rope in the nongtang outside, their shoes scraping the cement floor. Sound echoed off of the surrounding walls. The afternoon sun shone lazily, filling the alleyway with yellow spots of light. In the sunlight, the girls' skirts seemed to become very pretty. Fu Ping followed the directions on grandma's letter and walked all the way down to the door at the end of the nongtang. The door was open so Fu Ping took a step inside, blocking the light from outside as she went. Several women sat in a hallway inside. A light behind the women showed their silhouettes though she couldn't see their faces. One of them stood up and said to her, "There you are".

Fu Ping answered softly: "Hello, grandma".

Grandma is actually the grandmother of Li Tianhua. But she isn't blood relative to Li Tianhua either. Li Tianhua was an adopted grandson. When they tried to set Fu Ping up with him for a date, the matchmaker stressed that Li Tianhua is a middle school graduate and that his grandma worked as a maid in Shanghai. So he wasn't too hopeless a case in marriage, despite being the eldest in a poor family with many siblings. Grandma was widowed young and had no son. The only daughter will marry off eventually. So Li Tianhua, her grandson, was the only descendant she had. She had paid for his schooling. Grandma came to Shanghai to work as a maid at the mere age of sixteen. Thirty years had passed since then. Now she could easily pass off as an old Shanghainese, a respectable grandma.

Fu Ping's parents passed away long ago, and she had lived with her aunt and uncle ever since. Marriage was very serious business for her. But as it is with girls, she was shy to talk about it and could only try to influence the matter in her own small ways. When people tried to arrange a date for her, she always looked down at her hands and didn't say yes or no. If a suitor came personally, she would rather die than show herself. Most of the time she hid at a friend's house all day until they had gone. Even more fervently she resisted calling on men in their homes. Resigned to her stubbornness, her aunt would go in her stead thinking they'd better not let her ruin her own future. Or else people on the street will gossip about how the aunt and uncle don't care about their niece’s happiness. When her aunt comes back, she would talk to Fu Ping about all the details: how the grandparents are very kind, how the young children are well-behaved, how their older sister is already engaged and that their house will be refurbished next year. On and on the aunt would talk but she would neither nod nor shake her head. It wasn't until when someone mentioned Li Tianhua that she didn't hide herself like usual. She even cooked the meal and made tea the day he came for a visit. From her bowed head she sneaked a look and saw his shoes, a pair of black cloth sandals, placed close together. They weren't big shoes, rather slim, with somewhat pointy toes, and along with that he wore white socks made of yarn. His feet ridge is rather high, not suited to walking in rice paddies, unlike the average farmer's flat, broad feet that can stick in the mud well. From that she knew he wasn't a man who farmed for a living.

Soon after the meeting, the matchmaker sent the betrothal gifts. Aside from the usual balls of yarn, clothes and ribbons, there was also a small dowry that Grandma gave for her to come to Shanghai for a visit. So, Fu Ping went.

Though they called her grandma,she looked younger than Fu Ping's aunt. Grandma's hair was black, not much grey showing through. In the front it looks like she had knotted a bun, but actually she had combed her short hair behind her ears. She wore a blue long gown with linen-knotted buttons and a stand-up collar. Her face wasn't colored milky white like the town folks but it wasn't black like the country folks either. She had plump features, with the skin very taut across her face. But her skin wasn't exactly silky. In fact it looked rather old. Not in the aged and wrinkled sense but rather tough and sturdy looking. The same was true with grandma's hands. Their bones were thick and the skin looked old. Her accent had changed as well, not quite the country dialect but not exactly the Shanghai-dialect either. It was more like a Shanghai-flavored country accent.